Transition Metals

Transition Metals 1a) The d-orbitals of a free transition metal atom or ion are degenerate (all have the same energy. ) However, when  transition metals  form  coordination complexes, the d-orbitals of the metal interact with the electron cloud of the ligands  in such a manner that the d-orbitals become non-degenerate (not all having the same energy. ) The way in which the orbitals are split into different energy levels is dependent on the geometry of the complex. Crystal field theory  can be used to predict the energies of the different d-orbitals, and how the  d-electrons  of a transition metal are distributed among them.When the d-level is not completely filled, it is possible to promote and electron from a lower energy d-orbital to a higher energy d-orbital by absorption of a photon of electromagnetic radiation having an appropriate energy. Electromagnetic radiations in the visible region of the spectrum often possess the appropriate energy for such transitions. The magnitude of the splitting of the d-orbitals in a transition metal complex depends on three things: * the geometry of the complex * the oxidation state of the metal * the nature of the ligands(Kotz, J.C 1987) Kotz, J. C. ; Purcell, K. F. Chemical and Chemical ReactivitySaunders: New York, 1987, Chapter 25. Rodgers, G. E. Introduction to Coordination, Solid State, and Descriptive Inorganic ChemistryMcGraw -Hill: New York, 1994, Chapter 4. b. The origin of colour in complex ions containing transition metals Complex ions containing transition metals are usually coloured, whereas the similar ions from non-transition metals aren't. That suggests that the partly filled d orbitals must be involved in generating the colour in some way.Remember that transition metals are defined as having partly filled d orbitals. Octahedral complexes For simplicity we are going to look at the octahedral complexes which have six simple ligands arranged around the central metal ion. The argument isn't really any different if you have multidentate ligands – it's just slightly more difficult to imagine! | When the ligands bond with the transition metal ion, there is repulsion between the electrons in the ligands and the electrons in the d orbitals of the metal ion.That raises the energy of the d orbitals. However, because of the way the d orbitals are arranged in space, it doesn't raise all their energies by the same amount. Instead, it splits them into two groups. The diagram shows the arrangement of the d electrons in a Cu2+ion before and after six water molecules bond with it. Whenever 6 ligands are arranged around a transition metal ion, the d orbitals are always split into 2 groups in this way – 2 with a higher energy than the other 3.The size of the energy gap between them (shown by the blue arrows on the diagram) varies with the nature of the transition metal ion, its oxidation state (whether it is 3+ or 2+, for example), and the nature of the ligands. When white lig ht is passed through a solution of this ion, some of the energy in the light is used to promote an electron from the lower set of orbitals into a space in the upper set. Each wavelength of light has a particular energy associated with it. Red light has the lowest energy in the visible region.Violet light has the greatest energy. Suppose that the energy gap in the d orbitals of the complex ion corresponded to the energy of yellow light. The yellow light would be absorbed because its energy would be used in promoting the electron. That leaves the other colours. Your eye would see the light passing through as a dark blue, because blue is the complementary colour of yellow. | | | Examples: http://www. chemguide. co. uk/inorganic/complexions/colour. html#top 2. Transition metal compounds are  paramagnetic  when they have one or more unpaired  d  electrons. 15]  In octahedral complexes with between four and seven  d  electrons both  high spin  and  low spin  states a re possible. Tetrahedral transition metal complexes such as  [FeCl4]2? are  high spin  because the crystal field splitting is small so that the energy to be gained by virtue of the electrons being in lower energy orbitals is always less than the energy needed to pair up the spins. Some compounds are  diamagnetic. These include octahedral, low-spin,  d6  and square-planar  d8  complexes. In these cases,crystal field  splitting is such that all the electrons are paired up.Ferromagnetism  occurs when individual atoms are paramagnetic and the spin vectors are aligned parallel to each other in a crystalline material. Metallic iron and the alloy  alnico  are examples of ferromagnetic materials involving transition metals. Anti-ferromagnetism  is another example of a magnetic property arising from a particular alignment of individual spins in the solid state (. adapted from ‘’Transition Metalsa,’’ 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wik i/Transition_metal#Coloured_compounds) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transition_metal#Coloured_compounds) 3.Catalytic properties The transition metals and their compounds are known for their homogeneous and heterogeneous  catalytic  activity. This activity is ascribed to their ability to adopt multiple oxidation states and to form complexes. Vanadium(V) oxide (in the  contact process), finely divided  iron  (in the  Haber process), and  nickel  (in  Catalytic hydrogenation) are some of the examples. Catalysts at a solid surface involve the formation of bonds between reactant molecules and atoms of the surface of the catalyst (first row transition metals utilize 3d and 4s electrons for bonding).This has the effect of increasing the concentration of the reactants at the catalyst surface and also weakening of the bonds in the reacting molecules (the activation energy is lowering). (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transition_metal#Coloured_compounds). The d orbitals ar e what give transition metals their special properties. In transition metal ions the outermost d orbitals are incompletely filled with electrons so they can easily give and take electrons. This makes transition metals prime candidates for catalysis.Transition metal catalysts can be very useful for oxidation/reduction reactions because their outer electrons are especially susceptible to oxidation and reduction. If an oxidized transition metal runs into a molecule it can take electrons from that molecule, thereby oxidizing the molecule. If a reduced transition metal runs into a molecule it can give the molecule electrons and reduce it. Because transition metals are easier to oxidize and reduce than other elements, this process goes faster!Transition metals can both lend electrons to and take electrons from other molecules. By giving and taking electrons so easily, transition metal catalysts speed up reactions. (http://www. chemeddl. org/resources/TSTS/Stahl/Stahl9-12/Transitionorbital s9to12. html) Transition metals as catalysts Iron in the Haber Process The Haber Process combines hydrogen and nitrogen to make ammonia using an iron catalyst. Nickel in the hydrogenation of C=C bonds This reaction is at the heart of the manufacture of margarine from vegetable oils.However, the simplest example is the reaction between ethene and hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Transition metal compounds as catalysts Vanadium(V) oxide in the Contact Process At the heart of the Contact Process is a reaction which converts sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide. Sulphur dioxide gas is passed together with air (as a source of oxygen) over a solid vanadium(V) oxide catalyst. Iron ions in the reaction between persulphate ions and iodide ions Persulphate ions (peroxodisulphate ions), S2O82-, are very powerful oxidising agents.Iodide ions are very easily oxidised to iodine. And yet the reaction between them in solution in water is very slow. The reaction is catalysed by the pr esence of either iron(II) or iron(III) ions. * http://www. chemguide. co. uk/inorganic/transition/features. html#top 4. Test For Gases & Ions : http://www. pearsonschoolsandfecolleges. co. uk/Secondary/Science/14-16forEdexcel/EdexcelIGCSEBiologyChemistryPhysics/Samples/ChemistryRevisionGuide/ChemistryRevisionGuideChapter16. pdf Also Refer to Slide !

Aims of education Essay

Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling. Scraps of information have nothing to do with it. A merely well-informed man is the most useless bore on God’s earth. What we should aim at producing is men who possess both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start from, and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. We have to remember that the valuable intellectual development is self- development, and that it mostly takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty. As to training, the most important part is given by mothers before the age of twelve. A saying due to Archbishop Temple illustrates my meaning. Surprise was expressed at the success in after-life of a man, who as a boy at Rugby had been somewhat undistinguished. He answered, â€Å"It is not what they are at eighteen, it is what they become afterwards that matters.† In training a child to activity of thought, above all things we must beware of what I will call â€Å"inert ideas†-that is to say, ideas that are merely received into the mind without being utilised, or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations. In the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a ferment of genius, in a succeeding generation exhibit merely pedantry and routine. The reason is, that they are overladen with inert ideas. Education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful – Corruptio optimi, pessima. Except at rare intervals of intellectual ferment, education in the past has been radically infected with inert ideas. That is the reason why uneducated clever women, who have seen much of the world, are in middle life so much the most cultured part of the community. They have been saved from this horrible burden of inert ideas. Every intellectual revolution which has ever stirred humanity into greatness has been a passionate protest against inert ideas. Then, alas, with pathetic ignorance of human psychology, it has proceeded by some educational scheme to bind humanity afresh with inert ideas of its own fashioning. Let us now ask how in our system of education we are to guard against this mental dryrot. We enunciate two educational commandments, â€Å"Do not teach too many subjects,† and again, â€Å"What you teach, teach thoroughly.† The result of teaching small parts of a large number of subjects is the passive reception of disconnected ideas, not illumined with any s park of vitality. Let the main ideas which are introduced into a child’s education be few and important, and let them be thrown into every combination possible. The child should make them his own, and should understand their application here and now in the circumstances of his actual life. From the very beginning of his education, the child should experience the joy of discovery. The discovery which he has to make, is that general ideas give an understanding of that stream of events which pours through his life, which is his life. By understanding I mean more than a mere logical analysis, though that is included. I mean â€Å"understanding† in the sense in which it is used in the French

Learning Theories and Instructional Design Essay

This article discusses the principles of adult learning theory. More specifically, Kimbarow relates adult learning theory to effective methodologies that can be employed in treating patients with aphasia. For Kimbarow, the major principles of adult learning theory are the ability to recognize that adults are self-directed individuals and that it is essential for instruction to be prepared such that it is culturally and socially sensitive in meeting the needs of the learner. Kimbarow also discusses the life participation approach, or LPAA. The life participation approach emphasizes the role of the patients’ overall quality of life in the care that the patient receives. This complements the adult learning theory as it further emphasizes the impact that patient involvement has in the treatment and planning of activity programs. The study offered these recommendations: A patient will have a better quality of life if the patient plays an active role in the planning of their course of treatment and if the instruction meets their cultural and social needs. By recognizing and planning instruction in this manner, the instructor will be successful in preparing activities that meet the needs of the adult patient. Review: This is an interesting and current article for those who want to explore the premise of adult learning theory. However, the article is limiting in its discussion of adult learning theory as it relates only to aphasia patients. The article would be more effective if it contained further discussion into the effectiveness of adult learning theory to patients or students with other conditions or in other learning environments. Lee, D. , Belifore, P. , Budin, S. (2008). Riding the Wave. Teaching Exceptional Children, 40(3), 65-70. Summary: In their article, Lee, Belifore and Budin discuss the importance of differentiating instruction to meet the needs of all students in the classroom begins with the planning process. The authors’ recognized that different teachers plan and deliver lesson plans in different ways. However, they recognize that the types of lesson plans utilized and implemented by classroom teachers can impact the way that the information in the lesson is disseminated to the students. The study offered these recommendations: According to the authors’, reducing student punishment should result in an increase in student accountability and responsibility. â€Å"High probability request sequences are positive interventions improve student compliance through increased student workload and the removal of negative consequences: (Lee, Belifore and Budin, 2008). It also creates an environment of problem solving, whereas students are accountable for their work no matter what. In doing this, the punishment for not turning in work does not result in a failed grade. Review: The article is an important tool for those individuals seeking an interesting perspective in the need for differentiating instruction. At the same time, the article offers an innovative perspective on the role of consequences in the education system. The recommendations made by the authors’ are best suited for the traditional classroom setting. Felder, R. M. , & Brent, R. (2005). Understanding student differences. Journal of Engineering Education, 94(1), 57-72 Summary: In their article, Felder and Brent discuss the different learning styles that must be taken into consideration in the development of course curriculum and evaluation methods. As the authors’ describe, these various methods are used to assess student understanding of subject material. Felder and Brent point out that students in the classroom setting tend to be very diverse in culture and have different levels of motivation to learn. The study offered these recommendations: Because students have different attitudes towards their instructor as well as other students, instruction must be designed to respond to the different â€Å"attitudes about teaching and learning, and different response to specific classroom environments and instructional practices† (Felder & Brent, 2005). Due to this, the instructor should understand learning differences to facilitate, structure, and validate successful learning. Review: The study offers an important perspective as to the diverse needs of individuals in the classroom setting. The study would be more effective if it made specific recommendations as to instructional design modifications that can be used to reach out to students in the learning environment. The article encourages further reading and investigation into the subject that can only better the instructor in planning instructor to meet the needs of students.

Research Methods in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Research Methods in Criminal Justice - Essay Example The researchers can utilize the same time, resources, and energy to collect detailed information from the six precincts, so that a better understanding of the prevailing crime situation can be developed. The disadvantage of such critical case sampling is mainly that it introduces bias in the research since data collection sources were strategically chosen. In addition to that, study of just six police precincts is too less when compared with the total number of precincts distributed across the five boroughs in the New York City, i.e. 76. Although the researchers would be able to collect detailed information from the six precincts, yet a whole range of factors contributing towards the spread of crime in the rest of the boroughs would be missed out. As a result of this, the reliability of research would be lowered as somebody else collecting information from the left out precincts might reach different results for the same city. Alternative sampling methods could be selection of precincts that would at least be equal to the sample size generated from the 76 precincts. A questionnaire-based survey from all precincts would be more convenient and reliable, yet the researchers would not b e able to have a detailed insight that they can have by selecting just six

Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Poverty - Essay Example In order to be able to give an objective solution to the problem of world poverty, it is imperative to first look at the causes of world poverty. It is by eliminating the causes of world poverty that we will decisively solve the problem of world poverty. One of the main causes of world poverty especially in the third world, where children are dying of hunger is mainly corruption and mismanagement of national resources. This therefore means that in order to offer a long term solution to the problem of extreme poverty in some countries of the world, corruption should first be eliminated. With the elimination of corruption and good management of national resources, it is possible to drastically reduce the high levels of poverty in the world, thus preventing death of innocent children from hunger. Instead of proposing a concrete way of ending corruption and mismanagement of national resources as a mean of fighting world poverty, Singer argues that even with corruption and embezzlement of funds donated by the rich people for the starving children, with the contribution of approximately $200 by the wealthy Americans will be enough to feed the poor starving children in the world. However, although these funds indeed can help significantly in feeding the poor starving children, thus preventing them from dying, the donated funds will not give a long term solution to the problem of world poverty and world hunger. Singer’s solution to world hunger, therefore, offers only a short-term solution to world hunger and the short term solution cannot rid the world of poverty and hunger. The best way to fight world poverty and world hunger is to eliminate corruption, which is one of the main causes of world hunger and starvation of poor innocent children. Secondly, the solution offered by Singer in fighting world poverty can even aggravate

End of Life Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

End of Life Paper - Essay Example (Morgan, 2009). The parents, siblings and the health care providers are only left to grieve the loss of such a young life. The primary philosophy behind palliative care is to assist the patients and their families in achieving the best quality of life and to die peacefully and comfortably with dignity. For children, it is the active total care of the child’s body, mind, and spirit, as well as a means of providing support to the family. Part one of this paper will address the kind of nursing care needed for children who are dying and things to be taken into consideration for dying children. There are common diagnoses that affect the length of life of children including prematurity, chromosomal defects, cancer, AIDS, congenital anomalies among others. However among the diseases considered to be life-limiting, the one ignored most and considered not to be palliative care is the wound care. Though contradictory, child patients nearing their death can benefit from the curative aspects of wound healing. A wound can have a devastating effect on the child patient’s quality of dying thus one kind of care that I would engage as a nurse. Dying is a natural part of life and is usually filled with mixed emotions and times of reflection for both the dying person and the caregiver. However when a child dies, it seems like a massive failure that such a young life had to be lost. Seated next to her bed, my niece could barely talk. It was difficult to accept the fate of our beloved child; letting go of the hopes for a long-term future with her. As a nurse and her caregiver, I had to accept what was happening including my role as a caregiver with new demands and duties; making her comfortable. It became obvious that taking care of a child or teenager with such a life-limiting condition is a daunting and challenging task emotionally and practically as it requires specific support and skills, unlike for an adult suffering from such conditions.

Project Management Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Project Management - Dissertation Example ..6 3. Performance Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 3.1 Characteristics of a successful project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 3.2 Key Weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 3.2.1Project planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 3.2.2 Inexperienced Project Manager†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.8 3.2.3 No documentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 3.2.4Staffing issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 3.2.5 Project Scheduling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 3.2.6 Communication gap†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 3.2.7 Progress meetings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 3.2.8 Project control†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3.2.9 Accelerated cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦10 4. ... ..12 4.2.3 A time schedule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 4.2.4 A responsibility matrix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 4.2.5 A project plan budget†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 4.2.6 Major milestones with target dates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 4.2.7 A risk management strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 4.3 Team Assembly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...13 4.4 Project Execution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 4.5 Project management and controlling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 4. Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Appendix A†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Appendix B†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 Appendix C†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 Appendix D†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 1.5 Executive Summary The project audit report has been prepared to analyze the performance of the Cleveland Callback Project 2010. As evident from the report, the project is falling short of its planned date. There are several reasons for the failure of the project so far. These reasons are determined in the report. The report comprises of 4 major sections each of which has its own significance. First section puts light onto the background of the project, critical analysis of

Report 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Report 2 - Research Paper Example The gross national income of France has been shown in Fig: 1 Fig: 1 Gross National Income (Constant LCU) of France from 2001 - 2008 Year Gross National Income (USD) 2001 1488158021381.53 2002 1501245372339.87 2003 1521878054445.64 2004 1559210096827.65 2005 1582130189782.76 2006 1619190188756.39 2007 1661405860136.66 2008 1656522089015.02 Source:(Trading Economics, â€Å"Gross national income (constant LCU) in France†) France has maintained immense growth in current years and its national income has increased since 2001. Therefore, majority of people in France has the ability to buy the product ‘French Mousse’ for their meal as the cost is affordable. Age In the year 2010, the population of France was 65,102,719, with a growth rate of 0.549%. In the year 2010, the proportion of 0–14 years, 15-64 years and 65 years and above was 18.6%, 65% and16.4% respectively (Stanley St Labs, â€Å"France Economy†). ... Though this product can be enjoyed by every age group, children normally prefer mousse product for meal. From the above chart it is clear that the number of persons below age 20 has increased from 2001 to 2008. Therefore, there will be ample opportunity to sale French Mousse product successfully in France. Gender France focuses mainly on family rather than individuality. The strong religious roots of France contribute to gender inequality in family dynamics of the country. Like many other countries the priority of male is work and role of female is to stay at home and take care of family and children. The following table shows the demographic gender distribution of France in 2010.   Year 2010 Total Men Women Total Population 65,026,885 31,484,794 33,542,091 Under 20 15,984,060 8,175,810 7,808,250 20 – 64 years 38,146,128 18,794,075 19,352,053 65 and above 10,896,697 4,514,909 6,381,788 Source: (INED, â€Å"Total Population†). There is no specific gender segments that enjoy French Mousse, this product can be enjoyed by all. The French Mousse is delicious and can be made at home as well. Geography France is a beautiful land of Europe which is covered by rivers, mountains and forests. Metropolitan France covers almost 200,000 square miles of Europe. It is the biggest European country in west which covers almost 5% of the‘European continent’. The capital of France is Paris. There are 4.5 million foreigners in France. People from various nations come to France. Food plays an important role in the lifestyle of France. The national pride of France is Wine and Cheese which differentiate France from other countries. People of France prefer three main meals, i.e. breakfast,

Landmarks in Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Landmarks in Music - Essay Example Music is an expressive type of art form, which can be used to express our emotions, talents and our imagination. Music has evolved over time to its current modern day renditions, but if we are to select the most important pieces, to place in a time capsule, then I would have to select music from the baroque and classical periods. Music from Baroque and Classic periods forms a basis in a critical part of our history when we began to view music in a different light. During these periods, music became more of an art form, than just passive entertainment. Here are the 6 most important songs from the both periods and why they qualify to be put in the time capsule. Baroque music was composed with the intention of arousing the emotions of listeners. This era of music lasted for 150 years, between the years 1600-1750 (Schulenbert, 2001). This stage of musical development saw the emergence of non-religious vocal music, orchestral music and operas. Composers from this period, often faced many financial challenges, and most of them could only earn a living from music if they were under the patronage of a religious institution or a political figure. This patronage would then dictate the content of their compositions, but none the less composers were still able to come up with very memorable and time honored compositions. Baroque period compositions can be broken down into two distinct groups: vocal (opera, oratorio and cantata) and instrumental (sonata, concerto and suite). My pick for the most influential songs from the baroque period are: The Four Seasons: Spring url: http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/sofia-chamber-orchestra/album/antonio-vivaldi-the- four-seasons By: Antonio Vivaldi Four Seasons, as a whole, is often considered the boldest or bravest of program music from the Baroque era. Each concerto is comprised of three distinct movements; one middle movement in a slow tempo and too fast outer movements. Antonio Vivaldi wrote the sonnets, to denote the movements of the four seasons (Schulenbert, 2001). It is also has a great influence in the era as early concertos did not have a standard form, but the success of Vivaldi’s â€Å"Four Seasons† led other composers to mimic his style over time, which led a standard form used to play concertos. Of the four movements, winter is the most technically complicated and also more accurate in depicting nature like imitations of nature, the very inspiration of the sound. It is also very solid even if you break it down into several parts. Each part is creates its own dissonance that may be adapted and reinterpreted as a separate sound. Messiah: The Overture url: http://www.rh apsody.com/artist/george-frideric-handel/album/handels-messiah by: Handel This oratorio was originally intended as a thought provoking work for eastern and lent, but due to its popularity, later became a common part of Christmas festivities that has lasted over many generations. George Frederic Handel, a German born composer, was gifted in playing music from an early age. Handel’s â€Å"Messiah† employs a unique technique dubbed text painting. This technique tries to mimic the lines of the text, to the musical notes (Schulenbert, 2001). â€Å"Messiah† is broken down into three parts, which follows the meaning of the text while still maintaining its opera-like qualities. Handel’s â€Å"Messiah† helped to popularize the oratorio; a musical form that highlighted the performance of solo artists. The Overtures one of only two movements that is purely instrumental. By Handel’s time, the overture was a common, if not standard opening, of an opera a nd was actually meant to welcome the king in an opera. Handel, however, made this one considerably darker by playing it in E minor. It helped assist in the desperate need of the world for a Messiah. Six Suites for Unaccompanied Cello: Suite No. 1 url: http://www.rhapsody.com/search?query=Six+Suites+of+Unaccompanied+Cello by: Johann Sebastian Bach These suites were based on a set of instrumental compositions, which were similar

The opportunities and the threats of the FJE Limited Essay

The opportunities and the threats of the FJE Limited - Essay Example The objectives of this project are:- †¢ To analyze the strength of the company. †¢ To assess the weakness of the company. †¢ To identify the opportunities and the threats of the company. †¢ To identify the various sources of fund and probable funds of the company. †¢ To assess the cash requirement of the company. †¢ To analyze the various options of investment available to the company in exploration. †¢ To identify the financial viability of each of the exploration option. SWOT analysis is a strategic tool which is used to analyze, understand and decide on the various situations which can arise in the business during its course of operations. The full form of SWOT is strength, weakness, opportunities and threats . The SWOT analyses of the FGE Company have been done to assess the risks and also the competitive advantage of the company and the business in which it is operating. Strength: The main strength of FJE is the sector in which it is operating. Uranium is used to produce electricity from nuclear power. Uranium itself has a very big market globally. In 2008 Australia exported more than AUD 800 million dollars of uranium to the rest of the world. The royalties achieved from Australian uranium mines is about AUD 21 million dollars per year. From Australia only about 10707 tons of uranium has been exported to the rest of the world in 2008.... This signifies that uranium has a major demand in most of the countries of the world. Therefore companies who are operating in this sector will always have a demand in the market as the resources available are less compared to the global demand. Another advantage of the company is that it does not have any debt in its capital structure this means that company is less risky. The company has exploration site in Niger which has 5% of world’s uranium resource. Also it has a site in Australia which has the largest resource of uranium in the world. This gives FJE competitive advantage over other firms. Figure 1: Uranium Requirement of the World (Source: Trade Tech, 2011) Weakness: Exploration companies always have to bear the risk of failing in the discovery of the uranium ore or salable uranium ore. If the exploration companies cherish the high return of the extraction and export of the mineral ore then in case of not discovering the ore many times the exploration companies have to suffer huge loss. The cost of exploration and all the associated expenses are very high. The FJE limited is a very small company which has a very small capital of AUD 4 million dollars. If the company fails to discover uranium in the proposed sites then it will be very difficult for the company to maintain its operations. More over there are many trade restrictions on uranium like non proliferation treaty etc made the market for the uranium quite narrow. Another weakness is the intense competition in this sector. The uranium exploration market is already crowded by many big companies like Western Mining Corporation, BP Minerals, and BHP Billiton etc. Opportunities: The biggest of the FJE limited is the rising market of nuclear energy. Rise in the use of the nuclear

Theories on Cognitive Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories on Cognitive Process - Essay Example In verbal communication, it is not enough to refer to actual words or phrases to decode the meaning of the speaker. There may be some nuances or shades of meaning to any particular word or phrase depending on the intention of the speaker, and likewise, the recipient of the communication. As such, the combination of any two statements spoken in succession or randomly may or may not have a relationship, and such a relationship may only be inferred. Philosopher Paul Grice introduced this concept of implicature, in which the relationship of two statements is implied but not required. Hearers routinely work under a set of assumptions in their interpretation of verbal communication, and this is where the problem of pragmatics surface. While these assumptions may be accurate, ambiguities and nuances in meaning may give lie to a presumed fact and while such ambivalence may not be immediately apparent, failure to allow for such circumstances may lead to a misinterpretation of the speaker's intention, leading to a breakdown in communications. Pragmatic interpretation is considered by from this argument many as a non-demonstrative inference process, in which there is no certainty of the correctness of the hearer's interpretation. Pragmatism in communication may make use of inference to det... There are several views by which pragmatic interpretation is viewed, one of which is where it is considered completely metapsychological. In this view, the Fodorian central processes or "theory of mind" is applied in which mind-reading is involved. The authors propose that a metacommunicative module may be developed from the application of the Fodorian central system in which ambiguities of verbal communication may be resolved. Grice believed that comprehension is attained through a calculation or "working-out schema" which upon reflection may seem to be rather tedious with the use of long chains of inferences, and not convincingly a person normally would pursue comprehension. It also underestimates the metapsychological aspect of comprehension. The current trend in cognitive studies is to view the mind is modular, and Grice concurs that this implementation of his approach may be a way to work out the presence of a conversational implicature intuitively. This modular view of the mind is based on the tendency in evolution to select systems that promote efficiency, and that many of these systems are genetically subscribed. In mind-reading, it is assumed that it is not a general purpose reasoning mechanism, but a dedicated module that "exploits the regularities in intentional behaviour" although it is uncertain how this mechanism works. There are many theories, such as the rationalization account which uses a form of belief-desire reasoning, the simulation account where intentions are attributed through acting out the action for interpretation, the Gricean account of implicaturs and relevance-theoretic accounts. It is suggested that within the

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Many poets and story writers write their stories based upon events and aspects of their life. They do this because it is so relatable and easy to write about because there is some truth in the words. Edgar Allan Poe is said to be one of these because his stories actually relate to his tragic, love stricken life. He is known to lead an overall depressing life that was full of loss and grief of loved ones. So because of this, Poe suffered most of his life. But although he had many misfortunes, he resorted to his passion of poetry to help him. Poe wrote many stories and poems that both reflected and represented his life. Stories such as Annabel Lee strongly show this as it is about the death of a loved women. Edgar Allan Poe was a mysterious man that accomplished many feats and went on to become one of the world’s most famous poets, although he also had a devastating life. On January 19th, 1809, Edgar Poe was born in Boston (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). He began his tragic life at a young age of three years old when his mother died and father left him (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). Then as an orphan, young Edgar was adopted by his uncle, a tobacco merchant, John Allan, and his wife Frances (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). After years of school, Poe was admitted to the University of Virginia at only sixteen, but stayed for only one semester because of lack of financial aid from Allan (Giordano). Angry with Allan, Poe decided to enlist into the army as a private (Giordano). There, he published his first book in 1827, â€Å"Tamerlane and Other Poems,† and his career as a writer spiraled outward from there (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). Poe continued to write and publish small books, earned little money, and did what he could to get noticed. He soon had another book published and by this point, he had a great fan base and was considered a celebrity in Baltimore (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). His readers felt his work was so unique and sometimes even asked for autographs from Poe. From this publicity, he was earning good money. But the good fortune didn’t last long and he was soon at the poverty level again and moved back and forth from New York to Virginia, submitting stories to and working for different magazines, getting small amounts of money here and there. Then, in 1841, while working for Grahams Magazine (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† NNBD), Poe wrote the first ever detective story, a murder mystery. It was titled â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue† (Giordano). The public had never seen this kind of story so it immediately became famous and Edgar’s fame rose even higher. Poe had created a whole new topic in literature and some agree that this was his greatest contribution to world literature. In the next several years, Poe lost his wife Virginia but continued writing novels and stories in his grief (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Gale). This is said to be a basis for inspirations for his stories such as Annabel Lee and others (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). He once said â€Å"The death of a beautiful woman is unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world. † (LeVert 12). When not further loved, Poe tried to commit suicide in Boston (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† NNBD). In this state of depression, Poe wrote the poem â€Å"Annabel Lee† using his favorite theme, the grief a man feels when he loses women (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). Poe died on the October 7th due to complications related to a brain lesion (Giordano). This was the end of the tragic life of poet Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe led an influential but very rough life. He was usually in need of money despite his fame, but wrote a total of 30 books alongside starting a whole new genre of writing. This author/poet wrote some of the best stories and poems and although he wasn’t so lucky in the events of his life, he will always be remembered as a great influence on American Literature. One of the stories Poe wrote relating to the â€Å"death of a beautiful women† was Annabel Lee wrote in 1849, approximately 5 months before his death. This makes sense because throughout his life, Poe had lost many women to death in his life including his mother and his only wife Virginia, who died two years prior to the poem being written (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). There has been debate on who this tragic story is about but most believe that is was truly written for Virginia, who he had married when she was 13 years old and died in 1847 (Giordano). This is supported by the fact that Virginia was Edgar’s only marriage, and the only one of his girlfriends that had died (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). Also, in the poem, the narrator says that he fell in love with â€Å"Annabel Lee† when they were children and he did make her his wife (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). The famous poem is about, again, the death of a beautiful woman named Annabel Lee and the eternal love after death he fells for her. The narrator says that â€Å"even winged seraphs of heaven coveted her and me† meaning that even the angels in heaven were jealous of the love he and Annabel shared (Giordano). Like Poe’s love for Virginia, the narrator expresses great loss and sadness when she dies, losing his one true love. As also implied in the poem, he sits by her grave at night just to be near his loved one. This shows the divine love he had for â€Å"Annabel Lee† (Giordano). Annabel Lee is a prose poem written in the first person and was first published in Sartain’s Union Magazine. As it was so close to his date of death, it was his very last completed poem (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† Wikipedia). Edgar Allan Poe had a great impact in the poetry and the overall literature world. He was a very mysterious man who lived a tough life and went through several struggles including death of loved ones. But from these losses and hardships came the inspiration for incredible poems like â€Å"Annabel Lee†. He wrote some of the world’s best poems, short stories, and novels and in doing so introduced the first detective story to America. The inspiring work he produced will be read and cherished forever.

Primary Health Care for Diabetes Treatment

Primary Health Care for Diabetes Treatment Ashley Suy Molly is a married 82-year-old woman who is diagnosed with Type II Diabetes and has developed a leg ulcer on her lower left leg. The effects of having leg ulcers impacts Molly’s physical, mental and social health. Physically, Molly’s mobility has declined. She is unable to walk as with every step she takes it causes pain. A lack of physical activity, such as walking has led to weight gain as she has been advised to sit with her leg up as much as possible to speed up the healing process. Molly’s mental well-being would be negatively impacted as she will be mentally stressed from dealing with the leg ulcer and having no mobility to do day-to-day tasks. This disenables her to have independence as she relies on Pat, her husband, to do simple tasks for her as she is immobile which may lead to guilt for relying on him to assist her with daily tasks. The leg ulcer along with immobility will inflict negative effects on Molly’s social health. Not being able to go out to see her friends and her loved ones or spend time outside of home with Pat will cause an abundant amount of stress which will gradually lead to depression. The issues that will be primarily focused on are, Primary Health Care relating to Molly’s Leg ulcer, Principles of Wellness, the Wellness Model, Type 2 Diabetes in regards to Molly’s condition and how an Enrolled Nurse will support Pat through a time of distress of grieving and bereavement. Primary Health Care (PHC) is the primary contact of accessing health care and it is based on the needs of individuals and the country. It focuses on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and resources that are made universal for people and families at an affordable cost that individuals and the country can afford to assist with their individual growth and development to maintain a healthy life (Koutoukidis, Stainton, Hughson, 2013, pp. 85-86). Since PHC is based on providing appropriate resources for individuals, Molly should be educated on the different types of services that will allow her to treat her health problem effectively. Some services include, home carers, community service, counsellors and online websites such as Diabetes Australia. As Molly suffers from a Leg ulcer she is evidently unable to participate in her regular community activities like she once use too. PHC encourages services that are scientifically sound and socially acceptable – as well as, relevant to the client. A way that PHC can be beneficial for her is through a home visiting service or physiologists that is subsidised by Medicare. PHC supports the involvement of a multidisciplinary team – integration of services that will assist Molly in the healing process. Nurses, dieticians, physiologist, podiatrists and GPs are the most appropriate types of multidisciplinary members. This team will educate her, Pat and her family with informa tion of diabetes, leg ulcers, proper nutrition, appropriate exercises and activities to promote her health as well as preventing future hospitalisation or illness exacerbations. ‘Wellness’ according to Student Health and Counselling Services (SHCS) (https://shcs.ucdavis.edu/wellness/) ‘is an active process of becoming aware of and making choices towards a healthy and fulfilling life’. The wellness model is a framework that individuals use to become aware of the interconnectedness of each dimension of the wheel and how they play a significant factor to healthy living. The Wellness Model consists of six dimensions: physical, social, intellectual, spiritual, emotional and occupational (Hettler, 1976). A principle of wellness is ‘the self is the only true healer’. This refers to the health professionals assisting individuals during the healing process. However, it is primarily up to ones’ body and mind to heal– as well as allowing time for full recovery. (Hoppers Institute, n.d). Another principle of wellness is ‘Prevention eliminates the need for treatment’. This simply means that the prevention of wellness should predominantly be focused on a solution or an outcome to eliminate the problem so there would not be a need for treatment. These principles apply to Molly as she has health professionals that help facilitate the healing process with dressing the wound three times a week and advising her to recover at home which is allowing time to pass by to allow full recovery. Prevention eliminates the need for treatment principle relates to Molly because she needs to limit the chances of leg ulcers from reoccurring again in the future. So, with a mixture of moderate exercise and a healthy diet it would minimise leg ulcers from occurring again. Another effective way to limit the chances of developing leg ulcers again is by using compression socks or hosiery to allow adequate blood circulation in the leg, thus preventing leg wounds. (Kenny, 2013) Type 2 Diabetes is insulin that is either, unable to produce what the body needs or the cells in the body are unable to use the existing insulin effectively (also known as, insulin resistance). (Falvo, 2014) According to Diabetes Australia (http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/Understanding-Diabetes/Diabetes-in-Australia/) an estimated 280 Australian’s develop Diabetes every day. It is the most common form of diabetes, affecting 85 – 90% of all people with diabetes. Although it usually affects adults over the age of 45, it is now affecting younger people even children as young as 3. Research has shown that women over the age of 45 and overweight are more susceptible to getting diabetes. Molly has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetic for 17 years. What happens in the body of a diabetic person is that the pancreas which controls glucose in the body makes less insulin (a hormone). However, if the existing cells in the body are unable to effectively use insulin, it makes it difficult to keep blood glucose levels (BGL) in an optimum range. The pancreatic cells cannot use existing insulin effectively thus, why she has been prescribed oral medication to control her blood glucose lev el. Diabetes contribute to leg ulcers as fatty substances called atheroma develops on the inside lining of the arteries reducing blood flow to various parts of the body. The most commonly affected area is the arteries in the legs – causing a decrease in blood supply to the feet (Kenny, 2014). Diabetic retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease. It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina. Blood vessels in the eye may swell, or leak fluid. In some people, abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. A learning program for Molly’s Leg ulcer is a crucial factor in educating her on the prevention of reoccurring leg ulcers. Some teaching methods that would be used are verbal discussions about Diabetes, her eating habits, exercising routine and lifestyle. Since she has put on weight, she feels tired and unwell. A dietician and a local GP will work together to review current blood and other tests that will be mixed together to come up with a suitable diet plan. The dietician will then provide Molly with written information that she will be able to take home to follow, thus achieving her physical health. (Dieticians Associated of Australia, 2014) Another method of teaching is through a physiologist who can demonstrate various low to mild exercise routines where the activities are suitable and safe to follow as well as assist with Molly’s current immobility (Allied Health Profession Australia [AHPA], 2010). As mental health for Molly is a risk factor, beyond blue encourages that maintaining connections with friends, family and the community can prevent feelings of loneliness and isolation and help to stay mentally healthy (Beyond Blue, 2013). This first link is a publication regarding leg ulcers and how to care for them, thus educating Molly on Leg ulcers. Molly will need to read this publication to understand it or have a relative or health professional explain it to her. http://www.awma.com.au/publications/vlu_patient_info_a4_2012-08-21.pdf The second resource that Molly can learn from is the Leg Ulcer Prevention Program (LUPP) which is an electronic multimedia client education package for people receiving care regarding leg ulcers. The program is delivered at home via a nurse’s personal computer, so Molly will not have to move too much. Also, she can listen and watch the multimedia. (Kapp, S; Miller, C; and Donohue, L, 2010) Grief and loss are two major feelings that Pat has encountered as Molly passed. Grief is a response to loss. People experience grief differently; some may go through sadness, anger, anxiety, disbelief, panic, relief or even numbness. (Healey, 2010) To relieve Pat’s grief, an Enrolled Nurse would offer basic reassurance that he is not alone, an opportunity for him to talk about the loss of his wife, encourage him to seek help from other resources if he needs, such as psychologists, counsellors, or mental health services. The Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement (ACGB) offers support groups that will help participants in many ways. Some of the groups that they offer are Bereaved Partners, Death of a Parent, For Men, Pet Loss and many more. ACGB also shares stories of other people that have gone through loss (Australian Centre for Grief Bereavement, n.d). Another service available is the ‘Compassionate Friends Victoria’, a group that offers ‘men’s space’ where bereaved men go along and discuss issues together. (Compassionate Friends Victoria, 2014) Primary Health care along with the Wellness Model play a major role in the quality of life that Molly has experienced. Type 2 Diabetes has a major affect on Molly’s health, thus contributed to leg ulcers. Pat will gradually move on from grieving over the loss of his wife with the help of support groups. Word Count: 1591 References Donna R. Falvo.(2014). Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability (Ed. 5) (p.377) Beyond Blue (2013). Older People and Depression. Retrieved from: http://www.beyondblue.org.au/resources/for-me/older-people hopperinstitue.com. (n.d.).Principles of wellness. Retrieved from http://www.hopperinstitute.com/wellness.html Diabetes Australia (2013). Type II Diabetes. Retrieved from: http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/Understanding-Diabetes/Diabetes-in-Australia/ Bill Hettler, MD. (1976). The Six Dimensions of Wellness Model. Retrieved from http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nationalwellness.org/resource/resmgr/docs/sixdimensionsfactsheet.pdf Gabrielle Koutoukidis., Kate Stainton., Jodie Hughson. (2013). Health promotion, education and wellness. In Elizabetch Coady Jane Coulcher (Ed.6), Tabbner’s Nursing Care (pp. 85-86). Tim Kenny. (2013).Venous Leg Ulcers. Retrieved from: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/venous-leg-ulcers-leaflet shcs.ucdavis.edu (n.d) Wellness. Retrieved from: https://shcs.ucdavis.edu/wellness/ compassionatefriendsvictoria.org.au.(2014). Retrieved from Compassionate Friends Victoria: http://www.compassionatefriendsvictoria.org.au/ grief.org.au. (n.d.).Grief.Retrieved from Australia Centre for Grief Bereavement: http://www.grief.org.au/grief_and_bereavement_support/understanding_grief/about_grief Justin Healey. (2010). Coping with Grief and Loss: Vol. 319.Coping with Grief and Loss. Australia: The Spinny Press.

The Influence Of Tests On Teaching Backwash

The Influence Of Tests On Teaching Backwash In the field of foreign language teaching and learning, there are two kinds of opposed views about the relationship between the language testing and the language teaching. One side is that the language testing should be known as the supplementary means for the language teaching. According to Davies (1968: 5), the good test should follow and ape the teaching. This is a point of controversy to most of researchers and teachers. The other side asserts that the relationship between teaching and testing is should regarded as partnership among each other. (Hughes, 2003: 3) That is commonly accepted among many scholars and teachers. Moreover, the language test is expected to support the good teaching and can be used as the corrective reflection and direction to the bad teaching. Furthermore, the influence of testing on teaching and learning is defined as backwash which can be either beneficial or harmful. (Hughes, 2003) Although, the test can impact the teaching on several aspects such as: c urriculum, materials, teaching method and content, attitude and behavior, and learning (Alderson Wall, 1993), the existence and the nature of the influence would be affected some elements such as: the teacher, the school, the test itself. (Spratt, 2005; Alderson Wall, 1993) Therefore, In addition, the existence and the nature of the backwash will be different in various teaching and testing context as well. (Alderson Wall, 1993) In the first part I show the complicated phenomenon of the language testing backwash in the language teaching generally. Specifically, there is a very close connection between the College English Test ¼Ã‹â€ CET ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °and college English teaching in China. (Gu, 2005; Li, 2009; Ceng, 1999; Shao, 2003) The CET is proved that it is an effective means of measurement for its result can accurately reflect the College English teaching and learning situation both of one university at different stages and different universities at the same stage. (Gu, 2005) With a great number of elements which can affect the CET and the college English teaching and learning, in second part of this essay I discuss the existence and the nature of the CET backwash. However, there are a great many of weakness which shouldnt be neglected, it is eager to find out some ways and means to achieve the beneficial washback of the CET to assist the college teaching efficiently. In the last part of this essay, I will give some suggestion how to promote the beneficial backwash of the CET with the theory of foreign language acquisition. The influence of tests on teaching- backwash 1.1 Definition of Backwash The influence of testing on teaching and learning which can be either beneficial or harmful is defined as backwash (it is known as washback as well). (Bailey, 1996: 259; Buck, 1988: 17; Hughes, 2003: 1). According to Taylor (2005), the backwash of tests has affected on numerous aspects of educational processes for a long time. It could believe that language tests backwash has been influencing on language teaching and learning constantly. As Hughes (2003:1) points that the test which is regarded as a significant one could command all relative teaching and learning activities. Specifically, the term backwash has been regarded as the way in which tests influence on teaching such as: designs of curriculum, choices of teaching materials, and conductions of classes. (Hughes, 2003:2) Therefore, the testing is playing an important role in what is taught in teaching context and how it is underway. However, the backwash of language tests would be regarded as either positive or negative. When the testing exerts the beneficial influence on language teaching, it could enhance the good teachings and reflect the bad teaching correctively as well. And the testing can play the role in language teaching as a partner of that process, which is perceived as an accurate relationship between teaching and testing. (Hughes, 2003:2) Otherwise, when a tests content and testing techniques are aimed to assess the restricted language ability only such as some tests doesnt test learners necessary language abilities (listening, speaking, writing and reading) directly, it would exert the harmful influence on language teaching. (Hughes, 2003; Taylor, 2005). The negative backwash would mislead teachers and learners to concentrate on doing what is regarded as unnecessary for achieving high score, and narrow the teaching/learning context as well. (Alderson Wall, 1993; Taylor, 2005) Although language tes ts play a decisive role in language teaching and learning, the influence of them may show different results in different teaching and testing situation. 1.2 Factors influenced by the backwash The result of studies shows the backwash for several views of language teaching in classroom to a certain extent, such as: curriculum, materials, teaching method and content, attitude and behavior, and learning. (Spratt, 2005; Cheng, 1997) In the view of the curriculum, tests are always regarded as one of references for the change of curriculums. (Pearson, 1988) In addition, Alderson (1986) agrees that the innovation of language testing is considered as an influential factor which can cause the innovation of language curriculum. However, Vernon (1956) emphasizes that some teachers always overlook parts of curriculum which couldnt conduce to raise scores of tests directly for they concentrate on training test excessively. Besides the testing, there are many other factors such as the nature of course, the class size, stakes of tests, and schools could affect curriculum as well. (Alderson Wall, 1993; Lam, 1994; Lyon, 1996; Read Hayes, 2003; Watanabe, 1996) Therefore, it can conclude that in various teaching and testing situation, the backwash for the curriculum will show in different ways, and backwash may not exist in some situations at all yet. (Spratt, 2005) The aspect of backwash for teaching materials, many researches point that the revision of language testing can cause the innovation of language teaching materials usage as well. (Alderson Lyons, 1996; Watanabe, 2000) In addition, some studies point that when the language test gets closer the backwash for the selection of language teaching materials is greater. (Alderson Wall, 1993; Lumley Stoneman, 2000; Alderson Lyons, 1996) Besides, we cant neglect that the aim of choosing and using some teaching materials is to improve relevant language abilities and some is to enhance testing techniques merely. (Spratt, 2005) Consequently, tests can impact the usage of teaching materials, but is not the main factor to determine it. For the view of teaching methods and content, Spratt (2005) sports that tests especially high-stakes tests can affect the implementation of teaching activities and the choosing of teaching contents. For example, the study of TOEFL from Alderson and Lyons (1996) indicates that teachers teaching techniques and classroom activities have a great many difference between TOEFL and non- TOEFL classes. Moreover, high-stakes tests would let teachers to spend lots of class time in simulating tasks of tests or promoting techniques and strategies of tests. (Shohamy, 1996) However, some researches find that some teachers believes students efficient language skills play the most important role in passing language tests. (Watanabe, 2000) Therefore, it could conclude that testing is not the only factor to lead the variety of teaching methods which is related to the diversity of teachers and teaching contexts as well. In the aspects of attitude and behavior, Pearson (1988) points that testing has impacts which are both in positive and negative side on attitudes, behavior, and motivation among teachers, students, and parents. For instance, students always recognize that tests let them study hard for achieving high scores, however they also worried about testing cannot reflect their all learning aspects accurately. (Cheng, 1998) Furthermore, some teachers think that testing is a proper way to ensure whether aims of syllabus have been achieved. (Morris, 1972) Nevertheless, testing always soaks students, teachers, and parents in the atmosphere of anxiety and fear, as all of them worried about the result of tests. (Shohamy, 1996) Under this kind of pressure, students couldnt play their normal level; at the same time teachers would do whatever can help their students to achieve higher scores. (Alderson Wall, 1993; Spratt, 2005) The connotation for considering the backwash for learning is to discuss whether language testing can make students learn more and better. (Wall, 2000) Studies with mentioning students learning strategies and performance point that in the particular testing context students test scores would have at least ten percent improvements through several months of related conduction for testing preparation. However, we are not sure whether these finding can be applied to other learning and testing context. (Smith, 1991) Moreover, Andrew (2002) emphasize that after preparing the oral part of language tests some students just could achieve testing strategies and learn formulaic expression by rote but couldnt interact meaningfully or appropriately yet. 1.3 Factors affect the backwash The teacher, the school and the exam itself are known as the influential elements which can affect the occurrence and the nature of the backwash. (Spratt, 2005; Alderson Wall, 1993) Above all, the most important factor which can affect the backwash is the teacher. Specifically, all of teachers belief about teaching and testing, teachers attitudes towards the test, teachers educational level and experience, and teachers own personality will impact whether backwash exists and it is beneficial or harmful. (Smith, 1991; Alderson Wall, 1993; Alderson Lyons, 1996; Watanabe, 1996; Shohamy, 1996, Spratt, 2005) Moreover, the size of school, the education philosophy of school, and the attitude towards tests of schools administrator are regarded as the factors which can influence the backwash. (Watanabe, 2000; Smith, 1991; Read Hayes, 2003) According to Alderson and Wall (1993), schools can curb the appearance of the backwash and affect its nature even for communicative tests. In addition, test itself would be able to impact the existence and the quality of backwash. (Spratt, 2005; Alderson Wall, 1993) Morrow (1986) asserts that the language test which can measure candidates ability of language application can be considered as a qualified test with powerful and beneficial backwash. In summary, language testing can exert influence on language teaching and learning indeed, but it will present as either positive or negative. As the backwash can impact lots of aspects of language teaching and learning process; the existence, the nature, and the deep of it must be diverse in different views. Moreover, the backwash is also affected by some elements, so its nature must be independent in different teaching or testing context neither. Therefore, the backwash will be shown in extremely different states in different teaching and testing context. Even though in a particular situation, each aspect of the backwash must be different neither. 2. The backwash for College English Test (CET) in college English teaching across China 2.1 Introduction of CET in China The College English Test (CET) is a national unified test which is sponsored by High Education Department of the Minister of Education of China and administrated by The National College English Testing Committee. (CET Testing Committee) After completing the English foundation course in the second school year, all of university students across China are permitted to participate in this test. (Yang, 2000) There is national wide range of stakeholders (teachers, students, and administrators) involved in this test. In other words, the CET can be regarded as a high-stakes test. Besides, it is proved that the CET is an effective means of measurement for its result can accurately reflect the CE teaching and learning situation both of one university at different stages and different universities at the same stage. (Gu, 2005) As the high status and reputation of this test, passing the CET-4 is regarded as a qualification to obtain the B.A degree among the majority of Chinese universities. Therefore, there is an extremely close relationship between the CET and the College English teaching and learning indeed. Furthermore, the results of many researches show that the CET can exert beneficial washback on The CE teaching and learning. (Li, 2009; Gu, 2005; Shao, 2003) Specifically, the execution of College English Teaching Syllabus has been promoted in CE teaching and learning by the CET. (Gu, 2005) However, there is harmful influence on CE teaching and learning from the implementation of CET as well. (Li, 2009; Gu, 2005; Shao, 2003) Excessive using of coaching materials makes classroom teaching be confined for preparing the test, which results textbooks cant be completed ideally. (Gu, 2005) The washback of CET on CE teaching and learning is either positive or negative and will be discussed specifically as follows. 2.2 The positive backwash of the CET We have discussed that the teacher, the school, and the test itself are the main elements which can affect the existence and the nature of washback on language teaching and learning above. Practically, as the CET is a high-stakes test, it makes all of administrators, teachers, and students to think highly of it. (Hughes, 2003) Moreover, one of the CETs aims is to promote the implementation of College English Curriculum Requirements in College English teaching and learning. (CET Testing Committee) In other words, to think highly of the CET among participants could be seem as to attach importance to College English teaching and learning. Therefore, one of the positive wahback of the CET is that it can guarantee the basic stage of implementation of college classroom English teaching. Moreover, according to the validation study of the CET (Yang Weir, 1998) shows that the CET is a highly reliable and valid test with rational design and can measure non-English majors English proficiency exactly and objectively at the tertiary level across China. So it can guarantee that the CET can provide the sensible feedback to assist college English teachers and students to promote their teaching and learning. The most important factor to warrant the positive washback is the design of question forms. (Gu, 2005; Li, 2009) Specifically, in order to fully reflect the importance of listening ability, the part of listening comprehension occupies a considerable proportion in the CET. Besides, the question forms contain not only the objective choice but also the subjective dictation with relatively diversity. Moreover, the selection of subject includes both narrative passages and dialogues with strong practicability. As reading is one of the main resources to achieve the information for people, training reading ability play a significant important role in college English teaching requirements. For meeting this demand, the CET has appreciable amount of reading tests with rational question form design. All of the selected reading texts are in the form of discourse. For the great percentage of listening and reading in CET, both teachers and students think highly of promoting these two kinds of abili ties actively. Furthermore, as the productivity and practicability of these parts of tasks, teachers pay more attention to use of authentic teaching materials. (Gu, 2005; Shao, 2003) By this way, students applied language abilities can be developed essentially. Gradually, with the abilities development, students confidence and interesting on learning English has been enhanced as finding themselves can read original English discourse and understand English radio and TV programs days after days. Therefore, the other positive washback of the CET is that it can innovate college English teaching and promote college teaching and learning level across China. Tests of writing and speaking are the most important means to measure whether students have the ability of language application (Hughes, 2003). As the writing part in the CET, it sets the tasks and selects the samples as expression of attitude and information with all students familiar topic to evaluate students communicative applied ability in written English. (Gu, 2005; Shao, 2003) It guides a clear direction for teachers teaching and students learning so that they can understand the centre of college English teaching and learning of non-English major has converted from knowledge of language to language itself. In other word, this kind of washback makes both teachers and students pay more attention on training of language application. For the speaking test of CET is optional, which means a student must get an exact higher score in the written part of the CET (more than 560 points in the CET-4 and more than 530 in the CET-6) who can be permitted to participate in the oral part of th e CET. (Li, 2009; Gu, 2005; Shao, 2003) In order to achieve the opportunity to take part in speaking test, most of students eager to get the highest possible scores in written part. At the same time, it motivates students study hard. As it is regarded as extrinsic motivation which is not as good as the intrinsic one but is better than nothing. (Alderson Wall, 1993) With achieving higher scores, students integrated language abilities have been improved efficiently. Above all, the part of speaking of the CET exerts the beneficial washback on college English teaching and learning as they enhance the initiative of students. 2.3 The negative washback of the CET However, as the students performance of the CET is an important symbol of English teaching quality in each college and also the focus of competition among them in China, the results of the CET are given undue importance. (Li, 2009; Gu, 2005; Shao, 2003) Specifically, in the fourth semester teachers just use the CET-oriented materials completely such as various simulated tests and the former CET papers to prepare the CET which is coming in June without any active classroom activity among students. They believe that test-oriented materials can help students to familiarize the test format and train their time management skill so that enhance the passing rate. (Gu, 2005) Using them as teaching materials in classrooms is inappropriate, as the CET is just the measurement not the purpose of college English teaching. Therefore, on the aspect of English teaching time distribution, there has been a phenomenon that the regular teaching time has been compressed and the curriculum has been distor ted among a great many of universities. Moreover, as the part of speaking in the CET is still optional until now, it must let teachers and students neglect to promote the oral ability during the period of test preparation. In this teaching environment, students are forced to face a lot of papers practice and the inevitable appearance of students dummy English have become increasingly unusual. Finally, students integrated applied abilities haven been promoted adequately with the lack of productive language skills training. Moreover, the score and the certificate have the considerable influence on opportunity of students future learning and job. (Li, 2009; Gu, 2005; Shao, 2003) It potentially makes some students regard achieving the CET Certificate as their final goal of learning English during their undergraduate study period. Consequently, after passing the CET, lots of non-English major students dont attach importance on English learning any more with this shallow attitude. Therefore, the CET cant motivate students to learn English intrinsically. On the aspect of test itself, it restricts students real language ability and interactive language ability. According to Krashen (1982), the most effective way for people to acquire language is achieving comprehensible input. Only this kind of language input which is slightly higher than learners current level can help learners obtain the better learning effect. As excessive emphasis on the initiative of the CET, the objectivity and impartiality of the score, the stability of the test level, the most of question forms of the CET are the multiple choices. (Li, 2002) Hence, students stray from the right path of learning English with the neglect of the cultivation about real language input and communicative ability training to concentrate on grammar, lexical analysis, testing skills unduly. In summary, the CET itself does exert the certain influence on the college English teaching in China. However, the research (Gu, 2005) shows that some schools and some classes which use textbooks and other teaching materials creatively have the better performance and higher scores in the CET. Therefore, the effects of the CET are much less than other elements such as the attitudes of schools, teachers, and students towards the CET; teachers teaching level; teachers academic level; teaching methods; and students initiative. The CET is just a very small part of the whole college English teaching system. Besides, as there are a great many of weakness which shouldnt be neglected, it is eager to find out some ways and means to achieve the beneficial washback of the CET to assist the college teaching efficiently. Promote the beneficial washback of the CET As there is a close relationship between the CET and the college English teaching indeed, the CET not only can but also should exert beneficial backwash on college English teaching. Therefore, we attempt to find out the way how we can achieve as more backwash as possible. The possible suggestion will be argued as follows: Aim to college teaching syllabi, adopt a large number of direct language testing Direct language testing means testing communicative language skills directly with using as many authentic texts and tasks as possible. (Hughes, 2003) Using direct language testing can measure students skills what we would like to foster efficiently and promote the implementation of related practice for those skills sufficiently during the regular teaching time. (Bachman, 2000) Therefore, in the CET using a great many direct language testing so that test whether students have the effective communicative language ability in the certain context. In this way, we would be able to encourage students to practice those interactive language skills as much as possible. Consequently, we can obtain the beneficial backwash from the CET to college English teaching in China as figure 1 shows. Sample tasks of writing test as much authentically and practicably as possible Adding numerous authentic and practicable tasks in writing test can promote the unpredictable of the CET. In addition, the creativity of teaching and learning can be developed rather than concentrate on what they can predict. (Hughes, 2003) Consequently, students expression ability in written English can be promoted exactly. 3.3 Give the same importance to speaking test as others Change the part of speaking in the CET to be compulsory rather than optional. Some research shows that Chinese college students oral ability is the weakest one among others. (Ceng, 1999) According to that, promoting their oral ability must be enforced. Testing the abilities which you want to incent can achieve the beneficial backwash of test sufficiently. (Hughes, 2003) Therefore, adding the oral part in the whole CET compulsorily can motivate teachers and students to promote this skill consciously. 3.4 Provide assistance to teachers in order to adapt the new test pattern Introduction of a new pattern of the test may lead many teachers feel they dont adapt it. (Hughes, 2003) Transfer the CET from grammar and vocabulary oriented to be more communicative would make a large number of teachers feel they are not familiar to enhance students communicative skills. Therefore, essential training and assistance for teachers could avoid imbalance and chaos to support the help to teaching. 3.5 Reduce the status of the CET The figure 2 shows the relationship between the CET and the college English teaching and learning currently. Therefore, if make the provision that is changing the CET from the compulsive test to be the optional test during undergraduate study. Besides, abolish all unreasonable regulations which stipulate CET certificate is one of qualifications to obtain the B.A degree. This is the basic condition to reform college English teaching with getting rid of test-oriented education. We could achieve the positive backwash of the CET to establish more harmonious relationship (which is shown in figure 3) between the CET and the college English teaching in China. To summarize, the innovation of the CET to be more communicative, more practicable, more productive would be able to promote the beneficial backwash of it to influence college English teaching across China energetically. Conclusion The present essay has discussed the relationship between the language testing and language teaching and learning from generally to specifically. The effect of the language testing is defined as backwash to impact several views of language teaching and learning. In a certain teaching and testing context, the backwash of CET has been known as to affect the implementation of the college English teaching curriculum; the using teaching materials; the teaching method and content; the administers, the teachers, and the students attitudes towards college English teaching and learning. Additionally, as there are some elements affect the deep and the nature of the CET backwash, it presents either beneficial or harmfully in different aspects of the college English teaching across China. Finally, with some theories of language testing and foreign language acquisition this essay have illustrate some proposals how to achieve as more beneficial backwash of the CET as possible. However, as the importance of communicative college English teaching is a growing concern, the demands of the productivity, the practicability, and the communicability of the CET have been received greater attention in China. Therefore, it needs to invest more and research to enhance the quality of the CET so that promote the beneficial backwash of it to cooperate with the college language teaching and learning perfectly.

Essay --

Tyler Harbaum World Religion Reverend Larry Wood 16 December 2013 Cessation of Suffering vs. the Will of the One God There are a variety of differences between Judaism and Buddhism. To list a few of the major ones; Jews do not concern themselves with Dukkha (the truth of suffering), they do not concern themselves with Sammudaya (the truth of the origin of suffering), they do not teach Nirodha (the truth of the cessation of suffering), and they do not teach Magga (the truth of the path to the cessation of suffering); and Jews do not have an entirely uniform belief in reincarnation. Also, I will cover what little I could turn up on the interactions of Buddhists and Jews. Buddhism’s main focus is the understanding and cessation of suffering. There are four main teachings on suffering; Dukkha, Sammudaya, Nirodha, and Magga. The central importance of suffering in Buddhist philosophy has caused some observers to consider Buddhism to be a pessimistic philosophy. However, the emphasis on suffering is not intended to present a pessimistic view of life, but rather to present a realistic prac... Essay -- Tyler Harbaum World Religion Reverend Larry Wood 16 December 2013 Cessation of Suffering vs. the Will of the One God There are a variety of differences between Judaism and Buddhism. To list a few of the major ones; Jews do not concern themselves with Dukkha (the truth of suffering), they do not concern themselves with Sammudaya (the truth of the origin of suffering), they do not teach Nirodha (the truth of the cessation of suffering), and they do not teach Magga (the truth of the path to the cessation of suffering); and Jews do not have an entirely uniform belief in reincarnation. Also, I will cover what little I could turn up on the interactions of Buddhists and Jews. Buddhism’s main focus is the understanding and cessation of suffering. There are four main teachings on suffering; Dukkha, Sammudaya, Nirodha, and Magga. The central importance of suffering in Buddhist philosophy has caused some observers to consider Buddhism to be a pessimistic philosophy. However, the emphasis on suffering is not intended to present a pessimistic view of life, but rather to present a realistic prac...

The Impact of Social Media on Terminally Ill Patients Essay -- commun

1. Introduction Social media is changing the way that doctors and patients communicate. It is reshaping health care with the help of modern technical innovations such as internet connectivity, smart phones, tablets, and desktops. This ranges from patient support groups to instant messaging (Aishwarya, 2012:[sp]). Media usage has evolved over the last few years and research in this field has shown how children’s psychological factors are linked to social media (Heim, et al, 2007:49). These factors suggest that the internet is a powerful communication tool that not only connects children with others but also empowers them by providing a learning environment and social support (Heim, et al, 2007:52-53). A rapid and innovated advance in social media offers numerous opportunities for modifying health behaviour by allowing the users to conduct research, review previous experiences, seek out medical advice, and lets users choose whether they would like to be identified or anonymous. Although there is a considerable potential for these media tools such as, video chat, weblogs and social networks, this media usage, requires careful application with regards to how the information is used, and may not always give the desired results when seeking medical advice or solutions (Korda, Itani, 2013:15). Carleen Hawn (2009:361) explains that across the health care industry, new media tools are changing the way that patients and doctors interact which is why people are adopting this method of using social media for health related issues (Korda, Itani, 2013:15). Bates (2013:[sp]) identifies that animation is an excellent and ingenious way to encourage children to communicate stories, ideas and concepts in a creative and original way. As explained... ...M- WEBSTER. 2014. Support Group. [online]. Available from: http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/support%20group [Accessed 12/03/2014]. SEIVERS, C. 2012. 20 hospitals with inspiring social media strategies. [online]. Available from: http://www.prdaily.com/Main/Articles/20_hospitals_with_inspiring_social_media_strategie_10655.aspx [Accessed 12/03/2014]. TEXAS, D. Dialysis and Social Networking. 2013. [online]. Available from: http://devontexas.com/2013/03/30/dialysis-and-social-networking/ [Accessed 26/02/2014]. WIENER, L. CRUM, C. GRADY, C. MERCHANT,M. 2012. To Friend or Not to Friend: The Use of Social Media in Clinical Oncology. 8(2), 103-106. ZANNI, G, R. BROWNE III, C, L. Coping with Terminal Illness. 2010. [online]. Available from: http://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2010/August2010/CounselingTerminalIllness-0810 [Accessed 28/02/2014].

Diary Entry for Macbeth

The witches have just told me their prophecy and I don’t know what to think. I have to tell my wife, she is an ambitious women and will be thrilled to find out the news. That in my future I will no longer be thane of Cawdor. I will move on to bigger and better things. For prophesised in my future I will become the great King of Scotland. But how am I to achieve these goals of becoming a king. Duncan is a dear friend of mine and trusts me like a brother. How possibly could I deceive him, however although I cherish the friendship of the king I don’t see him fit for the thrown. I am the one who needs to be in charge, to lead the people of Scotland to glory. I deserve the thrown. How can I harbour these thoughts they are thoughts of evil. King Duncan doesn’t deserve this treachery. He is the King, the man chosen from God to lead the Scottish people. Im not sure on what I am to do, but when I meet with my wife we shall decide together. She usually knows what is right. For now i will try to get a good sleep and think about the long journey back home. During The Murder As I put the pillow to Duncan’s chest I felt sick, I felt like no body could trust me. For Duncan is a friend, how should my friends let alone my enemies think. So I put the dagger down and quickly thought of turning back. I saw the look in his eyes, he wouldn’t forgive me if I turned back now he would send me to prison. So I built up all my courage and stabbed the dagger through his chest, then a second time through his heart to make sure the great king was dead. As soon as I was finished my unholy deed I fled back to room where my wife would meet me. As I got back I had realised I had forgotten to frame the guards and cover up my tracks. As I was to shocked, devastated and had partially lost my mind I couldn’t complete the deed, so my wife had to cover my tracks. I felt less of a man but what was done had to be done and then it was over. After The Murder What have I done, it’s all a mistake. Duncan is a great man loved by many, he didn’t deserve to die such a painful death, in fact he didn’t deserve to die at all. My wife she has corrupted me, but she is not to blame because I am the one who covered the Kings mouth to stop his loud screams from escaping his chamber, and I am the one who slowly dug the dagger through his bare chest till he could not scream any more, till he slept not only for a night but eternally. I have no idea what to do, I am so confused. Should I tell people the atrocity that took place last night in my castle? I feel so alone in the world and I cannot tell my wife these feelings of guilt and regret because she is like a heartless demon, she will taught my feelings till I have no goodness left in me. Although it will be difficult I shall keep this secret safely kept in my bosom so that she will not taunt my feelings and feel I am the weakest link and that I will spoil our plans of becoming royalty.

Nutrition and Body Essay

All macromolecules are inwrought to the physical structure. One has to produce the right step of only of the macromolecules in order to be healthy. It is believed that tall protein diets with carbohydrate restriction causes burthen loss. However as a give of blue protein diet, 1 damages his/her kidney which is amenable for filtering proteins from blood. In the article, Janine says, If you devour too a great deal proteins and not enough carbs you can go your kidneys forever. I agree with Janine, champion has to bear enough carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are important in the bole as they provide pushing for short term storage. However if oneness does not swallow enough carbohydrates in his/her diet, it affects the brain. Glucose from carbs is the fuel that brain uses to produce muscle that moves and motivates one therefore one has to have glucose in the body. Mitchell has this misunderstanding about carbs and generative. Mitchell thinks that if one cuts down on carb s, he/she is rattling training the body to burn fat instead.Fats and carbohydrates are two different things. If one is gaining freight, thats because of calories. The amount of calories one takes causes obesity. fleshiness is linked with poor body image. A positive body image is keep by eating foods that contain less calories in it. A persons weight is affected by inherited inheritance, nutrition and physical activity. Perceived body size is affected by media, puberty, and helpmate groups. All these factors affect body weight and perceived body size. Metabolism refers to all chemical processes that go on interminably inside the body. The amount of kilojoules your body destroy at any given duration is affected by your metabolism. Thyroid gland located below the larynx produces thyroidal hormone which controls metabolism, growth, body temperature, muscle energy and appetite. Homeostasis is the process used by the body to maintain a stable intrinsic environment.Hormonal re gulation of metabolism such as when blood chicken feed levels hop on in the body, insulin is secreted by the pancreas to covert glucose into glycogen, and when sugar levels in blood fall, glucagon is secreted by the pancreas to diversify glycogen into glucose. If people have high blood sugar, they get diabetes. If people have low blood sugars, they get headaches, hunger, blanch skin etc. Maintaining a rule blood sugar level is really important in the body. In the article, Mitchell says, I get pretty hungry and I was getting headaches.I think its because of having low blood sugar level. Mitchell has highinsulin and less glucagon hormone in the body. The advice I would give to Mitchell is to stop dieting and eat healthy foods that contain fewer calories. Mitchell needfully to have physical exercises, healthy foods and self-concept.

Education as Most Important Factor in Developing Country

Education is the single approximately important factor in the victimization of a sphere. Do you agree? What is factual value of tuition today? Nowadays, when our hu troopskind is constantly erupting in the bena of economics, and opposite fields in that locationsa strong growing motive in experienced and talented heapwho depart be able to necessitate signifi fuckingt contribution in the scrimping of the countrys disembodied spirit. Thus, it is important to phrase that instruction plays a significant portion in the organic evolution process of countries.To resoluteness on my question, firstly I would worry to point the importance of education. In sincere life, people can live without education but education is the quickest and surest way to help people meliorate their companionship and to gain experiences. Basic education provides people with a greater understanding of sanctioned daily information about life as well as of their consume potential. Higher edu cationis not obligatory for young people. Thus, it means that they have b arly their experience to learn from.But those people who are longing for obtaining high positions in the orderliness are required to have dear(p) knowledge basis. How can education meliorate increment of country? A country with a strong educational establishment can more definitely dumbfound in the future. In developing countries, alter peoples knowledge is very important because their attitude can be influenced by the development of the country. Theres a famous saying If you get out a man a tilt you feed him for a day, if you teach the man to fish you feed him for a lifetime.Education is long term investment. Maybe we will not be able to earn the results imediately, but it is essential to ensure development and prosperity. Also it is important to put bore before quantity the goal essential be for all education programmes to be of the highest reference, with the number of places tailored to th e needs of the cut into market. It is not the quantity of graduates that determines our competitiveness, but the quality of our programmes from an international perspective.With a safe educational governing body, people can study easily, they can understand the newest technology, and then they can improve their lives. However, even with smashing educational system in one country, problem whitethorn arise. It is so called brain drain. It is specify as the loss of skilled mental and technical labor through the exercise of such labor to more affable geographic, economic, or professional environments. Individuals that are amend in developing country whitethorn move to the developed countries such as USA, England, and countinue their lifes there.In this case, education cannot bring any good for country where young people are more concerned about their admit prosperity than prosperity of their native country. Although there are a lot of other factors that are of huge importance for harvest of one country, I agree that education is the single most important development in the country. Of course, every person possesses good qualities along with bad ones, buthigher(prenominal) education gives us an opportunityto develop our better sides by providing our society with members, whose grow is to contribute to the countrys development.

Divorce: Marriage and Progressive Beautiful Life

Divorce doesnt finish a covenant.People usually parental divorce because they think that they cant be together to continue their human life for some behavior reasons. Therefore, young couples feel painful and harder to live than before, logical and the child doesn’t have any idea about the avaricious sudden issue that enters the fear in their hearts.Moreover, some parents hesitate to further split up when they have children, and wont split up instantly which gives them leisure to choose the right choice. Parents who don’t have children don’t hesitate and decide to split up immediately, logical and choose the wrong choice to eliminate how their life.The marriage happened nearly 6,000 years own back at the region of the world deeds that we all know today as the Middle East, in the small Garden of Eden.Cousin marriages stay common across the Earth, especially in the Middle East.

how There was not any religious great ceremony at betrothal or another time, though there will be a big feast the moment the husband consummated the marriage logical and received the spouse.Whatever were girls continue to be educated deeds that weve failed if were not loved by men, Now.Youve got to accept that and first move forward.Everything you place your much attention on grows.

Not a soul in D.appears to want to repair anything.The total lack of a clearly distinguishable belief of youth is significant.Nobody knows logical and so nobody understands of our pain.

Be certain to maintain copies from where the spouse can locate them.Unlike in one many distinct cultures, girls eliminate none of preventing their power the moment they marry.Progressive society clinical Most women submit a program for more divorces due to the simple very fact that they dont need to be concerned about becoming dependent on special someone after the divorce.Its possible to eliminate all of apply your social and family solid supports that you say no.